Industrial fuel oil provides a vital function in many sectors of our economy. This crude petroleum product is widely used to generate power for industrial operations, ranging from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The attributes of industrial fuel oil permit it a suitable choice for these demanding applications.

Sputtering is a widespread technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, in particular, has emerged as a leading method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with controlled thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that t